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Applicants seeking patent protection in European markets have two routes available: via the European Patent Office (EPO), which provides a single examination procedure for all EPC contracting states; or the ‘national route’ which involves filing individual national applications in each country where protection is sought. Whilst there are benefits and drawbacks to both, below are some reasons to consider the national route in the UK.

1. The UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO) often grants patents more quickly than the EPO

The UK system provides the option to receive a combined search and examination report (CSER) approximately two months after filing. If a reply that addresses any objections raised in the CSER is filed promptly, it is possible for a patent to be granted in around eight months. This is, on average, much faster than EPO timescales. Furthermore, for inventions with environmental benefits, the UK offers a Green Channel which allows applicants to request accelerated processing, resulting in a CSER being issued in just six weeks.

It is also common in the UK for agreement to be reached on allowable claims by telephone call with the examiner, which can substantially accelerate prosecution, without reliance on written formalities. This may be advantageous to keep a short file wrapper, which can be helpful if the patent is ever litigated.

The UK system has a compliance period of four and a half years from the date of filing, meaning all UK applications must be ready for grant beforehand, preventing ongoing prosecution extending over many years. In practice, examiners may review applications that are close to the end of their compliance period more quickly. While this may be helpful for some, it can be disadvantageous for others who favour long pendency and flexibility to file a series of divisional applications.

2. Acceleration in other territories

The UKIPO is well respected and provides a high standard of examination which can provide a basis for accelerating grant in other territories. Under the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH), granted UK patents can be used to accelerate prosecution in Australia, Canada, Germany, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, and the United States, amongst others.

3. The UKIPO offers very good value for money

Patent application and associated grant costs in the UK can be lower than in many territories. For example, where the EPO may charge £3,000+ for filing an application, requesting search and examination, as well as grant fees, in the UK it could cost just £310. Renewal fees are also far cheaper at UKIPO than at the EPO.

It is relatively rare to be summoned to a hearing at the UKIPO, unless requested or as a last resort, as opposed to the EPO where oral proceedings are reasonably common. Furthermore, the EPO Guidelines (C-III, 5) permit the issuance of a Summons to Oral Proceedings as the first action in examination. As preparation for a hearing is more expensive than written communications, the UK approach can help to keep costs down during prosecution.

If you are only interested in protection in a few European countries, such as the UK, France and Germany, direct filings with the national patent offices can be more cost effective than a European patent application.

Furthermore, registration systems also exist which allow UK patents to be re-registered in a selection of overseas territories including Hong Kong and Gibraltar. Re-registration can provide a cheap and easy way to obtain patent protection elsewhere.

4. UKIPO procedure is less rigid than at the EPO

The UKIPO gives applicants more opportunity to amend claims than the EPO does, and discretionary amendments are rarely not permitted. The UKIPO also provides options to have more than one claim set searched, and there is no deadline on a second search request, giving applicants the opportunity to be more informed about the potential patentability of their invention(s) and their protection strategies, e.g. before a decision is made as to whether or not to file a divisional application.

There is no hard rule on conciseness in the UK, and multiple independent claims in the same category can be accepted in circumstances which may not be allowed by the EPO, which can again help to reduce costs and obtain a broader scope of protection in a single application.

5. The UKIPO’s inventive step standard can, in practice, be less strict than at the EPO

At the UKIPO, the EPO’s ‘problem and solution’ approach does not need to be followed (although it will be accepted) and the UKIPO inventive step approach is less rigid. Arguments based on the relative age of documents and the commercial success of the invention can be given more weight at the UKIPO than at the EPO.

6. Adding credibility to a patent family

The UKIPO is well respected, so having a patent granted in the UK relatively early on acts as a deterrent to potential infringers in other territories who might be considering engaging in infringing activities, as they may expect you to obtain similar patent coverage in other territories.

7. Streamlined enforcement procedures

The UK offers fast track patent litigation in a specialist court with expert judges and commercially reasonable limits on liability for the other side’s legal costs. If enforcement is necessary, the UK’s Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (IPEC) offers procedures that resolve certain cases (limited to claims of <£500,000) more quickly than disputes heard in the High Court. The IPEC has been set up to be time- and cost-effective, and ability to resolve disputes in such a way is highly desirable.

8. Reliable judgments and expert judiciary

The UK Patents Court (Chancery Division of the High Court) consists of specialist judges with IP expertise. There are also several highly experienced IP expert judges in the Court of Appeal and Supreme Court, for hearing more complex cases that reach these higher-level courts.

The approach to claim interpretation taken by the European Patent Office (EPO)’s Technical Board of Appeal 3.5.03 in its recent decision T 1127/16 appears to be at odds with the UK Courts’ doctrine of equivalents, as recently applied in Illumina Cambridge Ltd v Latvia MGI Tech SIA & Ors [2021] EWHC 57.

UK Courts’ doctrine of equivalents

In the UK Supreme Court’s decision in Actavis v Eli Lilly [2017] UKSC 48, Lord Neuberger developed a new approach for dealing with “equivalents” in UK patent infringement. The decision set out a two-part approach to assessing whether a UK patent is infringed by a product or process that is an equivalent variant of that claimed in the patent. This approach involves asking the following two questions:

If the answer to either question is ‘yes’, there is an infringement. Otherwise, there is not.

As an extension of the second question, Lord Neuberger set out three further questions (that have come to be known as the ‘Actavis Questions’) for evaluating whether a variant is ‘immaterial’:

  1. Notwithstanding that it is not within the literal meaning of the relevant claim(s) of the patent, does the variant achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way as the invention?
  2. Would it be obvious to the person skilled in the art, reading the patent at the priority date, but knowing that the variant achieves substantially the same result as the invention, that it does so in substantially the same way as the invention?
  3. Would such a reader of the patent have concluded that the patentee nonetheless intended that strict compliance with the literal meaning of the relevant claim(s) of the patent was an essential requirement of the invention?

The third Actavis question – Illumina Cambridge Ltd v Latvia MGI Tech SIA

The High Court of England & Wales applied the doctrine of equivalents principle in its recent decision in Illumina Cambridge Ltd v Latvia MGI Tech SIA, which related to DNA sequencing technology. 

One of the patents covered in this decision claimed a process involving ‘incorporation’ of a nucleotide. It was argued that this claim was infringed by the use of another process involving an allegedly equivalent variant of the claimed ‘incorporation’ step. 

However, the description of the patent contained a specific definition of the term ‘incorporation’ as referring to “(…) the joining of the nucleotide to the free 3’ hydroxyl group of the nucleic acid strand via formation of a phosphodiester linkage with the 5’ phosphate group of the nucleotide.” The allegedly equivalent incorporation step did not accord with this definition.

Based on this definition, the judge held that “(…) the answer to the third Actavis question should be in [the defendant’s] favour (…). The reason why skilled person would think that strict compliance with the normal construction of ‘incorporation’ was essential is because the specification has gone out of its way to define that term in a clear and simple way.  It is not necessary for the skilled person to speculate about why the patentee may have done that, the fact is that it has been done (Paragraph 396)”.

Therefore, in this decision, the description of the patent was used to impart a narrower interpretation of the claims of the patent, such that they were held to exclude the allegedly equivalent variant by virtue of the third Actavis question.

EPO decision T 1127/16

In this decision, the Technical Board of Appeal considered related issues of claim interpretation, taking an approach that appears to be at odds with the approach taken in the Illumina Cambridge decision.   

T 1127/16 was an appeal against a decision of the Opposition Division to revoke a European patent on the grounds that the main claim – as interpreted – extended beyond the content of the application as filed. The claim in question related to a method for handling aircraft communications involving communicating with the ground via a plurality of broadcast networks, arranged in an order of preference and stored within a preference list. The method involved evaluating the highest in preference broadcast network and whether it is available, before transmitting a message.  Importantly, the claim involved the following features:

One of the main questions of claim interpretation was whether features (b) and (c) should be read in combination or, as argued by the patentee, separately. If read in combination, the claim defined a preference list that identified both a selection of the plurality of broadcast networks in order of preference, and the highest in preference of the plurality of broadcast networks in the preference list that is available. The Opposition Division and Technical Board of Appeal both considered that there was no basis in the application as filed for such a preference list.

It was argued by the patentee during the appeal proceedings that the skilled person would consult the description to resolve this ambiguity, and that the description would clarify that in fact features (b) and (c) should be read separately, rather than together. 

However, the Technical Board of Appeal took a different approach, stating that “(…) the description and the drawings of the patent [do not] have to be consulted automatically as soon as an “ambiguous” feature (i.e. a feature which at least theoretically allows more than one interpretation) occurs in the claim, or where the claim as a whole includes one or more inconsistencies, to resolve that ambiguity or inconsistency. According to such a logic, an applicant could then arguably dispense with providing a clear and unambiguous formulation of claim features (…) in order to be able to fall back on a more description-based interpretation at will during a subsequent opposition proceedings.” (Reasons 2.6.1.)

The Board considered there to be no linguistic problem with reading features (b) and (c) together, and that the repeated use of the verb “identifying” in these features, as well as there being no comma separating these features, would lead the skilled person to read these two features together. The Board also considered this interpretation of the claim to be technically credible, setting out an exemplary implementation of the invention according to this interpretation. On this basis, the Board decided that the claim extended beyond the content of the application as filed and thus dismissed the appeal. 

The importance of commas?

Finally, much has been written about how the appeal in T 1127/16 failed as a result of the simple omission of comma between claims features (b) and (c), as set out above. The reality is, perhaps reassuringly, more nuanced.

The patentee in T 1127/16 did in fact file an auxiliary request in which a comma wasinserted between features (b) and (c). Considering this request, the Board nonetheless decided that “(…) despite the presence of the comma, the claim may – linguistically and technically – still be given the same meaning as (…) the main request”. (Reasons 3.2.)

Therefore, it is clear from the Board’s reasoning that they considered the presence or absence of comma between features (b) and (c) to be just one factor contributing to the way in which the claim should be interpreted. In practice, this factor was outweighed by others, such as the repeated use of the verb “identifying”, which were of more importance. 

Conclusion

The EWHC’s decision in Illumina Cambridge and the EPO Technical Board of Appeal’s decision in T 1127/16 illustrate differing approaches to using the content of the description of a patent to interpret the claims. 

In Illumina Cambridge, the EWHC relied on a definition provided in the description to interpret a key feature of the claim. This decision therefore highlights the potentially significant role the description can potentially play in interpreting the claims – particularly in the context of infringement proceedings – and therefore the care that should be taken when drafting the description, particularly with regard to any definitions of claim wording.

In T 1127/16, the Technical Board of Appeal took a more restrictive view of the role of the description in interpreting the claims, indicating that the description need not be consulted automatically, even when the claims are ambiguous when read in isolation. It is unclear how such an approach to claim interpretation would enable one to answer the third Actavis Question, which necessarily requires the claims to be read in the context of the whole patent to understand whether the reader would have concluded that strict compliance with the literal meaning of the claims was an essential requirement of the invention. Nonetheless, this decision serves as reminder as to the importance of drafting claims that are clear and unambiguous, independently from the description, and as to the potential effects of seemingly minor differences in claim wording.

(C) Naomi Korn Associates & Mathys & Squire 2022. Some Rights Reserved. These case studies are licensed for reuse under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike Licence.

This case study reviews the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on SMEs (small – medium enterprises) from early 2020 through to 2021. It focuses on the industries most affected by the crisis and whether intellectual property (IP) and IP management may have helped mitigate its impact through adaptation and change.  It forms part of a series of case studies from across multiple industries examining the role of IP and IP management during COVID-19 and lessons learnt. It is aimed at governments and SMEs who are planning business recovery strategies involving IP assets, over the coming months.

Sector overview

The catering and wider food & beverage (F&B) industry worldwide predominantly comprises SMEs. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic this has been one of the worst and most immediately affected sectors, with almost overnight losses of customers, damaged supply chains, significant job losses and financial hardship. For many in the hospitality sector, IP asset largely meant brand assets such as trade marks, and domain names or databases of clients or suppliers. However, the challenges brought about by the pandemic has not only forced business to better utilise and, in many cases, monetise these assets, but more importantly it has also set about a degree of innovation in the industry, accelerating changes already underway but also forcing many business to reinvent themselves and develop new online offerings, new supply chains and new business models. In this context, intangible assets are likely to become increasingly important for this industry in protecting these innovations and helping businesses create a niche for themselves and cement their market position. 

Analysis

These changes for SMEs in the F&B industry have included changes in business models, changes in operations and procurements processes as well as fast-tracking digitalisation and accelerating emerging technologies in this sector. The uncertainties have required businesses to be better at managing risks, business performance, and cash flows as well as imagining new routes to revenue generation and prioritisation business models incorporating digitalisation, the latter being an important tool in aiding recovery of this sector moving forward[1]. It is important that SMEs impacted by COVID-19 recognise the impact on their business at an early stage and understand what actions will be required to restart their business and survive the COVID-19 storm[2]. It is clear that IP will be an important part of this process[3].

A China Cuisine Association and Deloitte China survey indicated that 94% of companies interviewed have had their dine-in services severely affected – in many cases by an 80% decline in dine-in customers. This is especially evident in the chart below, reflecting the year-on-year change in seated restaurant diners globally during the global spread of the coronavirus in March 2020.

Figure 1: Year-over-year daily change in seated restaurant diners due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic globally in March 2020.

In the UK alone, it is expected that approximately 3.2 million people work in the catering industry and are impacted by COVID-19 job losses, furloughs or pay cuts. Many venues have expanded existing online ordering services by offering food and recipe boxes and supplying customers with fresh ingredients for their favourite meals at home. Some restaurants and cafes are also providing hampers for sale online to customers and may continue to use this as an additional source of income moving forward. With the explosive growth of online food delivery platforms such as Just Eat, Deliveroo and Uber Eats, it is quite straightforward for regular restaurants and cafes to provide such “take away” services, especially to those who may be house bound on a long term basis such as those with existing medical conditions or the elderly.

SMEs and F&B venues across the world are meeting these challenges through automation of process (robotics), development of online ordering and payment systems (e.g. QR codes for online menu access and payment), while also enabling contract tracing, a requirement in many countries during the current pandemic, while others have also introduced innovation air and surface purification technologies to ensure the air present is purified and any viral or bacterial contaminants have been neutralised. Many of these innovations surrounding software platforms, robotics, and food preparation systems are well protected by suitable IP rights and likely represent significant changes in the industry, many of which will continue into the future, with licensing opportunities for these technologies also representing potential additional revenue streams for affected businesses. For example, Creator, a San Francisco based restaurant, already known as innovators due to their robot made hamburgers, have sealed off their restaurant and now deliver their meals via a patent protected pressurised transfer chambers, which avoid ingress of air from outside as well as having a self-sanitising conveyor surface. The company has been granted patents for aspects of its hamburger making robot and has also applied for patents for its COVID-19 inspired food delivery system.

Despite the opportunities in terms of active IP exploitation underpinning innovative business opportunities, IP challenges remain. With ongoing lockdowns and significant economic recession still likely to come, many businesses in this sector may also suffer from potential risk of non-use of their trade marks. Although this period of non-use (which is five years in Europe and three years in the US) may not appear to be immediately worrying, it is not clear if many businesses will continue to meet requirements, especially in the longer term[4]. Moreover, as restaurants expand their delivery activities and dining in becomes only a part of the offering, there may be increasing pressure on F&B businesses to protect recipes through NDAs due to limitations protecting recipes using copyright and trade secrets, as well as the brand of the venue and the personal brand of the chef. This will require the broader understanding of brand assets by the business, the means of protection and, importantly, the means by which the assets can be monetised and deployed to generate revenues. For example, JD.com livestreamed a club experience and partnered with a number of alcoholic drink brands, encouraging viewers to have a drink while watching. This boosted sales of both beer and spirits. This is further demonstrated in the silence of Corona Beer in the face of significant memes and online jokes, shows the company distancing itself and the brand from unfortunate potential damage[5].

Naomi Korn Associates is one of the UK’s specialists in copyright, data protection and licensing support services.

Mathys & Squire Consulting is an intellectual property consulting team that can support all businesses in capitalising intangible assets.

Naomi Korn Associates and Mathys & Squire Consulting are working in partnership across multiple industries to provide innovative consultancy IP support services.

[1] Grant Thornton, Raymond Chabot (2020): Preparing SMEs for a rapid recovery from the COVID-19 crisis, Grant Thornton

[2] Deloitte (2020): Covid-19 – Small Business Roadmap for Recovery & Beyond: Workbook, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu

[3] EPO (2021): Study highlights economic benefits of owning intellectual property rights – especially for small businesses, EPO

[4] Allen & Overy (2020) Issues brand owners need to consider during the Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic to protect their IP portfolio, https://www.allenovery.com/en-gb/global/news-and-insights/publications/issues-brand-owners-need-to-consider-during-the-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic-to-protect-their-ip-portfolios

[5] Accenture (2020): COVID-19:5 new human, Accenture

T 2314/16 helps to clarify the European Patent Office (EPO)’s approach to business methods. The Technical Board of Appeal 3.5.01 made a favourable decision on patentability of an invention relating to influencer reward distribution for an online marketing scheme. This decision is likely to be helpful for applicants innovating in commercial, financial and service industries, which are often difficult to protect at the EPO.

Business methods and the notional businessperson

Subject matter solely relating to methods of doing business or to present information has long been excluded from patentability under European patent law (Art. 52(2)(c) EPC). For example, European patents cannot be obtained for methods of accounting, advertising, or task scheduling as such.

However, for business methods which involve a mixture of non-technical business features and some technical features, patents may be obtained if the technical features (or their interaction with the business features) produce a technical effect and are inventive over the prior art. For example, features such as using a smartphone connected to a server to gather financial data, as well as storing and processing the data to make a decision (such as how much to charge a customer) may be considered technical and therefore, escape the exclusion of Art. 52(2)(c) EPC, despite being business-related.

Nonetheless, the EPO has historically taken a strict approach when determining which features of these mixed type inventions provide a technical effect. For instance, in T 1147/05, Board 3.5.01 rejected arguments that collecting and processing real world data for providing environmental impact information achieved a technical effect.

In the absence of a statutory positive definition of the term ‘technical’ against which to measure features of an invention, as part of their assessment of the inventive step, the EPO considers whether the features lie within the competence of a notional technically skilled person or of a notional businessperson. Those features lying within the competence of a technically skilled person are considered to contribute to the technical character of an invention, and only those features may be considered for inventive step. It follows that if all features are within the remit of the businessperson, there is no ‘invention’ in the legal sense.

However, in reality, the expertise of technically skilled people and businesspeople often overlap, so artificially separating the two for the sake of this legal test can produce grey areas when determining the patentability of subject matter.

Board 3.5.01 attempted to clarify matters in T 1463/11 and T 144/11 by indicating that inventions which simply solve the problem of implementing a business requirement are rarely patentable, again upholding a relatively strict interpretation of the law.

T 2314/16 – A favourable decision on patentability

In June 2016, Rakuten Inc. filed an appeal against a decision from the Examining Division to refuse their patent application for lack of an inventive step.

The application related to distribution of rewards to users of an affiliate marketing scheme, such as social media influencers who endorse products or services. In this scheme, each influencer is allocated an area of an advertisement banner displayed on a website. When a website visitor clicks on the banner, the influencer whose area is clicked on receives a reward. Over time, rewards are collected and then distributed according to the area sizes: an influencer with a larger share of the banner will typically be clicked on more often and therefore receive greater reward. The relative sizes of the areas can be adjusted to match the amount each influencer contributes to the advertising; if one influencer attracts many clicks, their area of the banner may be increased.

The claims refused by the Examining Division essentially specified a web server that provides a web page with the advertisement banner, acquires coordinates of clicked locations on the banner, matches those clicked locations to influencers, and stores associated reward information. The Examining Division found a lack of inventiveness on the basis that the invention’s distinguishing features, when compared to known HTML server-side image maps (which allow web browsers to send click coordinates to web servers), “did not go beyond a mere automation of the business-related aspects”. However, the Examining Division provided no reasoning as to why certain features were deemed non-technical.

In their decision of December 2020, Board 3.5.01 deemed the technical problem solved by the invention to be the implementation of a business method, namely reward distribution. Importantly, they also clarified which features were part of the business requirements and which were part of the technical implementation of those requirements.

In this regard, the Board held that the “specification of the business method ended with how to determine the reward distribution ratio”, and that devising an approach that involved dividing an advertisement display area into sections and allocating each area to an influencer required an understanding of “how a website is built, and in particular how an image map works”. Thus, these features were considered to be within the competence of the technically skilled person, and therefore were part of the technical solution and should be evaluated for obviousness.

The Board went on to state that, when tasked with implementing reward distribution to a number of users and starting from known HTML server-side image maps, the allocation of users to partial image areas would not be obvious to the technically skilled person. Consequently, Rakuten’s application was granted.

Essentially, this decision builds on previous case law by confirming that the remit of the notional businessperson may end with the statement of the business requirements. The features that arise after this in the process of devising the invention may be attributable to a technically skilled person, and thus may be capable of conferring an inventive step.

However, this decision is key: it clearly defines the boundary between the domains of the technically skilled person and the businessperson, and it does so generously to maximise the range of subject matter that may be considered technical. The decision shows that the EPO is willing to grant inventions for business-related methods, as long as the technical solution is non-obvious.   

Outlook

This case demonstrates a more lenient attitude to business-related inventions, which will be welcome news for applicants seeking to protect such concepts. Whether this signifies a shift in the general position of the EPO on business methods remains to be seen, but T 2314/16 looks set to become important case law at least for implementations of business requirements. The decision has been included in the latest update to the Case Law of the Boards of Appeal, so a general awareness of its findings can be expected at appeal and perhaps even at other divisions across the EPO.

Further to the announcement of the National Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy in September 2021, the UK Government has now launched a pilot initiative, known as the AI Standards Hub, intended to increase UK contribution to the development of global AI technical standards. The new Hub is currently being trialled by The Alan Turing Institute, supported by the British Standards Institution (BSI) and National Physical Laboratory (NPL).

The Hub aims to:

The announcement comes as new research by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and the Office for Artificial Intelligence projects that more than 1.3 million UK businesses will use AI by 2040, and spending on AI by UK businesses is expected to reach more than £200 billion by the same date, up from £63 billion in 2020.

The Government has also already launched a consultation on intellectual property (IP) and AI as part of the National AI strategy. The consultation period has now closed, and we await the publication of a formal response from the Government in due course.

You can read the full UK Government announcement about the AI Standards Hub here.

The UK Government, via the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), recently announced a call for views on new proposals to improve and strengthen UK clinical trial legislation.

In brief, the consultation is designed to seek opinions on proposals to update clinical trial legislation  with a view to increasing patient and public involvement, improving diversity of trial participants, streamlining approvals and enhancing transparency.

The responses will help the UK Government assess whether changes to the legislation can help make the UK a hotspot for the research and development of new healthcare products, with the aim of promoting innovation whilst protecting patients and trial participants.

Why is this consultation happening?

The Medicines and Medical Devices Act 2021 provides the powers to update the legislation for clinical trials. Since the UK left the European Union in 2020, the Government is seeking to position the UK as a go-to sovereign regulatory environment for clinical trials. The Government also intends to support the development of innovative medicines and ensure that the UK retains and grows its reputation as world leading life sciences base, generating opportunities for skilled jobs. 

This consultation supports a wider programme of work in relation to developing and optimising the UK’s clinical research environment as part of the UK Government’s Saving and Improving Lives: The Future of UK Clinical Research Delivery and its implementation initiative, as well as its Life Sciences Vision. 

What will the consultation focus on?

The call for views focuses on a number of specific areas:

  1. Patient and public involvement – in particular, how to focus trials on patients to achieve the best outcomes, and to address barriers to participation to make trials as inclusive as possible.
  2. Research transparency – to make sure that trial findings benefit the research community, participants, health professionals and other stakeholders.
  3. Clinical trial approval process – streamlining processes to support quicker timelines for approval and provide a competitive advantage when running trials in the UK.
  4. Research ethics – to safeguard the rights, safety, dignity and well-being of people taking part in clinical trials.
  5. Simplifying obtaining informed consent in cluster trials to encourage update in lower risk trials.
  6. Safety reporting – balancing high standards of participant safety whilst removing reporting requirements that burden investigators without improving safety.
  7. Good clinical practice – updating principles to ensure flexibility and applicability across a range of trial types.
  8. Appropriate sanctions – to ensure proportionate and strong regulatory oversight.
  9. Manufacturing and assembly – in particular, labelling requirements for auxiliary medicinal products and for authorised products to allow for risk-adapted labelling.

Responding to the consultation

The call for views will run until 11pm on 14 March 2022 – respondents must submit a completed response form (available online). The form sets out a number of questions further breaking down the key areas described above.

What happens after 14 March 2022?

After the deadline, the UK Government will consider the responses and we can expect the publication of a formal report summary in due course. The call for views states that the information obtained will inform the Government’s decision on any potential changes to the clinical trials legislation and to support the clinical research ecosystem.

We are pleased to see the attention the UK Government is dedicating to promoting innovation and creativity within the UK using IP frameworks. If any clients or contacts have views on any of the questions the consultation seeks answers on, we would be happy to hear their thoughts.

In this article for The Patent Lawyer Magazine, Partner Andreas Wietzke discusses Blackberry’s announcement on selling its non-core patent portfolio to Catapult IP Innovations Inc. and discusses the implications of this decision.

Earlier this month, software company Blackberry announced it was selling its non-core (those relating to mobile devices and wireless networking) patent portfolio to Catapult IP Innovations Inc. for $600 million. While the patents included in the portfolio don’t relate to Blackberry’s current core business, they operate in the mobile communications sector, which is likely the most litigation-intensive technology area in the patent system in the last few years. It can therefore be assumed that there will be a corresponding increase in exploitation through licensing efforts and related patent infringement proceedings.

As in previous years, extensive patent pools of mobile phone companies in particular offer investment opportunities for large fund companies. This allows companies to generate returns from their research & development (R&D) investments even after the products in question are no longer available on the market or a product area is completely abandoned, as in the case for Blackberry. However, this form of exploitation is not without controversy.

Potential users of patents sold and exploited in this way are particularly critical of the fact that they now see themselves exposed to a change in risk and a potential increased likelihood of legal action. While in a patent dispute between competitors there are usually extensive negotiation options due to mutual dependencies, pure patent investors have an exclusive interest in the economic exploitation of the acquired property rights through licensing income. Although this may significantly reduce the negotiation options in an infringement dispute, it does not fundamentally contradict the core idea of the patent system. Rather, an IP right exploited in this way is also based on an R&D investment originally made by a company and a developed technological innovation. As a result of its innovative strength, at least part of the exploitation success also flows back to this company in the form of the sales price of its patents.

While this development could be viewed critically by potential users of the protected technology, such investments can also be seen as a further strengthening of the patent system. From the point of view of a selling company, investments in development and innovation can contribute economically even if market success is not achievable in other areas, such as manufacturing effort, market share, marketing effort, etc. In other words, by adopting a proactive protection strategy at an early stage of development work, a company can create economic security for its investments. In fact, one of the original purposes of the patent system was to provide such protection for research investments. For this economic protection, it is now possible to make use of the ‘exploitation service’ of the investment companies, so to speak, without having to take legal action of one’s own.

The general concept of patent protection is based on an exchange between the state and the company. In return for publishing a technical solution as part of the patent application, the company receives a time-limited monopoly for commercial exploitation. Access to this monopoly is limited by the grant requirements, and automatic publication serves to accelerate technical development by spurring other companies to develop better solutions. The use of sold patents by patent exploiters does not change this core concept. Rather, it similarly encourages all market participants to actively invest in innovation themselves, thereby advancing the technology.

It can even be argued that the possibility of selling a patent to an investor means that other companies must in principle take its protective effect more seriously than before, since soft factors – such as mutual dependencies or a strong imbalance in the economic power of the two parties – no longer play a role as a result of the possibility of sale. With this view, the development of the exploitation opportunity through asset deals (such as the recent Blackberry example) can also be considered a positive addition to the patent system, as it secures the investments of companies to a further extent.

Following the preceding argument, the fact that company patents are considered as independent assets actually strengthens the value of the patent system and the individual property rights. This applies in particular to small and medium-sized enterprises, which have so far been exposed to a vast imbalance of power as patent owners against large corporations in patent disputes. If the current high volume patent sales, which receive much media attention, are still in the majority, this concept also seems to be transferable to smaller scopes without causing significant issues. Purchases of small patent bundles, individual patents or even the pure investment in an infringement dispute, are also conceivable.

One could therefore summarise that for innovation-driven companies, particularly startups and scaleups, the current development can be viewed positively. However, to the same extent, especially in large companies, an adjustment of the risk assessment for potential infringements of third-party intellectual property rights may be necessary, which includes the possibility of exploitation by sale. The trend towards more active use of the patent system, however, does not seem to contradict the basic idea of increasing the strength of innovation and the speed of its development.

In the interest of balance, a potential problem area from a business and a societal perspective, remains fairness in negotiating the cost of the licence. The much-discussed relationship between user risk (automatic injunction) and patent holder risk (defeat in infringement proceedings/loss of property right) has in fact already led to an adjustment of the law in Germany. I for one am excited to see how patent owners, patent users, the courts and the legislature will respond to future IP asset deals.

The big-bang date for implementation of the new WIPO sequence listing standard ST.26 is fast approaching. All new PCT and national/regional applications filed on or after 1 July 2022 will need to be ST.26-compliant. Ahead of the upcoming changes, we summarise the key considerations and things to watch out for.

In the life sciences and biotechnology fields, many patent offices require a formal sequence listing to be filed with any patent application disclosing nucleic acid or amino acid sequences. The sequence listing includes all the disclosed sequences in a standardised electronic format that allows for easier processing and analysis by patent offices around the world.  

The current standard format for these sequence listings – ST.25 – was established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 1998, but will no longer be accepted for PCT and national/regional applications with a filing date on or after 1 July 2022. From then, all new filings must comply with the new WIPO standard ST.26.

As there will be no transition period, it is important to be aware of the changes from ST.25 to ST.26 well in advance of 1 July 2022.

Summary of changes from ST.25 to ST.26

One of the major changes in ST.26 is that sequence listings must be in electronic XML format, rather than TXT format. The XML format is designed to improve data compatibility with public searchable databases (including NCBI GenBank and EMBL-EBI) and should therefore make analysis of the sequences by patent offices simpler. As a result of this change, many features must be represented differently under ST.26, compared with ST.25, including:

To reflect modern developments in biotechnology, it will now be mandatory to include and annotate:

In addition, sequence listings must no longer include:

Full details of the ST.26 standard can be found here.

Key considerations for a smooth transition to ST.26

First and foremost, for any upcoming filings expected to contain nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, it is important to be clear on whether the sequence listing will need to comply with the ST.25 or ST.26 standard.

If a PCT application filed before 1 July 2022 enters the EP or GB phase after that date, ST.25 will continue to apply to the EP or GB application. However, other new filings from 1 July 2022 must comply with ST.26, including new applications claiming priority from an application filed before 1 July 2022, and new European divisional applications.

In some cases, it will be necessary to convert an existing ST.25 sequence listing into the new ST.26 format for use in a new application. For example, the EPO has confirmed that for divisional applications filed from 1 July 2022, which derive from a parent application filed before 1 July 2022, conversion of the parent ST.25 sequence listing into an ST.26-compliant listing will be necessary, along with a declaration that the new sequence listing does not add subject matter beyond the parent application. In contrast, the UKIPO requires sequence listings accompanying new GB divisional applications to be supplied in the same format as the parent application.

Applicants should be aware that additional time may be required to prepare ST.26-compliant listings, or to convert an existing ST.25 listing into the ST.26 format, particularly those which contain sequences affected by the changes, such as:

Moreover, great care should be taken to avoid adding or deleting subject matter when transforming ST.25 sequence listings to ST.26-compliant listings for applications claiming an earlier priority date or European divisional applications. This could be a particular issue if the converted ST.26 sequence listing may be filed at the European Patent Office (EPO), in view of the strict approach taken by the EPO on both added subject matter and priority entitlement.

WIPO suggests that the potential impact of ST.25 to ST.26 conversion should be taken into account when drafting an original (ST.25) sequence listing and application. Of course, in most cases where conversion of an ST.25 sequence listing to ST.26 will be needed, it is too late for that because the ST.25 listing has already been filed.  However, if applicants are planning to file a first application before 1 July 2022, they can take steps to avoid future added matter and priority issues in converting that sequence listing to ST.26. For example, features that will become mandatory under ST.26, but which are not covered by ST.25, can be included in the application body as a pre-emptive measure.

Finally, if a sequence listing is filed in the incorrect format, the applicant will probably be invited to file a new listing in the correct format. At least at the EPO, such late filing of the correct listing will incur an official fee. Additionally, only sequence listings filed in the correct format are exempt from official page fees at the EPO. Therefore, an ST.25 sequence listing which is filed as part of an application which is subject to the new ST.26 standard may incur significant official fees (due to the considerable length of most sequence listings). It is worth taking the time to ensure that the correct sequence listing format is used when the application is filed.

The above is not intended to provide legal advice: if you have any questions about how these changes may affect your applications, please get in touch.

Research carried out by Mathys & Squire, around the rise in global patents related to blockchain technology, has featured in an article published by City A.M. – click here to read the feature (p. 14).

An extended version of the article is available below.

There have been a record 9,973 global patents related to blockchain filed in the past year*, up from 3,810 two years earlier, shows new research carried out by Mathys & Squire.

The rush to secure new commercial applications for blockchain technology is driving R&D in the space. The development of new uses for NFTs and attempts to make core blockchain technology less carbon intensive are particular areas of focus for software houses.

Blockchain technology has the potential to help make supply chain data more reliable and up-to-date. The technology could help eliminate counterfeiting and trace the movement of goods within the supply chain. Possible applications include secure event ticketing and validating ethical supply chains – from organic food to conflict-free diamonds.

Dani Kramer, Partner at Mathys & Squire says: “Blockchain has the capacity to revolutionise sectors as diverse as insurance, healthcare and urban planning. The race to capture new commercial applications is the driving force behind R&D and patent filing in this area.”

“Cryptocurrency is just one element of blockchain technology. It’s a misconception that blockchain is only applicable to cryptocurrency trading or NFTs in the art market.”

Beyond blockchain’s more well-known applications, our research reveals technology for many other potential uses of blockchain has been patented in the last year, including:

Fears over crypto carbon footprint drives blockchain innovation

Another key area of innovation in the last year has been to make core blockchain technology greener after criticism of its carbon footprint. In 2019, Bitcoin mining consumed as much energy as the Netherlands**. Earlier this year Elon Musk u-turned on accepting Bitcoin as payment for Tesla vehicles over environmental concerns.

Efforts to make blockchain greener have focused on cryptocurrencies, with alternatives to energy-intensive ‘proof of work’ system of verifying transactions. Proof of work uses so much energy because to verify crypto transfers it requires computers to solve increasingly complex mathematical problems.

Dani Kramer says: “While the environmental impact remains a concern, crypto developers are already coming up with ways to reduce the carbon footprint of cryptocurrencies. Other blockchain applications, for example in the field of energy efficiency, already hold the potential to reduce emissions.”

The majority of blockchain patents for the last year (5,714 – 57% of the total) were Chinese in origin. The US came in second place, with 1,729 (17% of the total). 53 patents originated in the UK – just 0.5% of the global figure. Major filers for 2020-21 include insurance company Ping An, Chinese payment platform Alipay and US technology company IBM.

Number of blockchain patents filed per year

* Patents filed with World Intellectual Property Organization, year ending 30 September 2021

** University of Cambridge and International Energy Agency

In this article for The Patent Lawyer Magazine, Partners Andrew White and Anna Gregson discuss the importance of protecting IP as an asset, even years before commercial use, in one of the largest growth opportunity markets: deep tech.

Deep tech is a term most frequently used in the investment community and tends to refer to businesses that are very research & development (R&D) intensive, using innovative and emerging technologies to solve a particular problem. Deep tech commonly refers to technologies such as advanced materials, synthetic biology, artificial intelligence (AI), or quantum technologies, although many deep tech startups today are combining these technologies – for example where AI and synthetic biology intersect, with 96% of deep tech ventures using at least two technologies. Deep tech companies are therefore very IP-rich, with about 70% of such ventures owning patents related to their products or services.

Deep tech is being seen increasingly as a massive growth opportunity. As shown in the figure below, the amount of capital put into this space has grown fourfold, from $15bn in 2016, to more than $60bn in 2020, and it is estimated that deep tech investments will grow to about $140bn by 2025, with investment in AI and synthetic biology attracting two-thirds of deep tech investment last year.

About 83% of deep tech ventures involve designing and building a physical product. Their digital proficiency is focused on using artificial intelligence, machine learning and advanced computation to explore frontiers in physics, chemistry and biology.

(Data taken from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2021/overcoming-challenges-investing-in-digital-technology)

Deep tech companies are likely to be disruptors; incumbent companies, particularly in industries like energy, chemicals and agriculture, will probably be disrupted by deep tech if they don’t engage with this community soon.

As can be seen in the chart below, deep tech companies can also be extremely lucrative, with companies such as Impossible Foods being valued at around $10bn this year:

(Data taken from https://www.bcg.com/publications/2021/overcoming-challenges-investing-in-digital-technology)

Pushing technological frontiers

Deep tech has the potential to reinvigorate established sectors, such as drug R&D, where costs to develop a new drug have doubled each decade for the last 70 years. By providing opportunities to apply tools and principles such as network data science and deep learning to overcome the ‘biology bottleneck’, deep tech has the potential to significantly reduce costs in drug development. 

Deep tech also opens the commercial potential of newer sectors, such as synthetic biology, where the confluence of developments in IT, systems theory and biology enables synthetic biology to move beyond the laboratory into commercial use. Despite the emergent nature of synthetic biology, there are already examples demonstrating its scope and disruptive potential, such as designer bacteria capable of producing as diverse materials as precursors for anti-malarials, to spider silk proteins, biologically based logic gates and synthetic organelles.

Why do you need to protect your IP?

Because of their IP-rich and R&D heavy nature, it may be many years before a deep tech startup successfully commercialises its innovation and emerges from the infamous ‘valley of death’. IP may be the only real asset a deep tech startup has for a number of years, so protecting that IP and developing an effective IP strategy is therefore critical to its success.

Investors recognise this and many will want to see a robust IP strategy in place before investing. Deep tech startups need to engage with IP early and often, developing their own IP pipeline (including patents, trade secrets and other relevant IP) and also considering third party IP and freedom-to-operate. Particularly for products where lead times can be long, such as for new drugs that require regulatory approval, a strong pipeline with downstream IP is vital.

Exit strategy

Depending on its business goals, effectively protecting IP can dramatically affect the exit of a deep tech startup. For example, building up a strong and effective IP portfolio can drastically increase the value of the business, whether the exit is via acquisition or IPO. This may yield a higher return on investment for those early-stage investors, as well as the founding team. In the longer term, for many deep tech startups, a strong IP portfolio is also essential because they may be entering and disrupting a crowded and well-established market. Without strong IP in place, they may not be able to survive.  If a startup has patents of their own, these can be used defensively; if sued by a well-established competitor, having patent rights of your own can present you with the option to cross-license rather than engage in costly and time-consuming litigation.

To patent or to keep secret?

A common question faced by many deep tech startups is whether to patent at all, or whether to keep their innovation secret in the form of a trade secret. For many, the question comes down to whether a third party is able to reverse-engineer or take apart their innovation and determine how it works. For example, can a user of a software platform understand how an AI algorithm works if all the user does is send some data to a cloud platform, and receive some answers in return? In such cases an effective trade secret policy may be sufficient. One benefit of a trade secret policy is that it doesn’t have to cost lots of money, and it can last indefinitely, provided the secret can be kept. The obvious downsides are that there may be leakage of your trade secrets over time, and by keeping your innovation a secret it doesn’t prevent a third party independently inventing and then patenting their own solution which may in turn limit your ability to work your invention, even if you had been using it prior to their patent filing.

Advantages of a patent are that it encourages investment, collaboration and joint development work, as the patent holder can freely disclose their invention in the knowledge that they are protected by the patent. Patents can also be an indicator of both ownership and technical credibility; they can be used to convince investors that you own the technology that you say you do and that what you are working on is truly innovative.

Partnerships with bigger players

By virtue of their complex and cross-disciplinary nature, many deep tech startups must collaborate to implement their solutions. This presents its own set of challenges and opportunities.  For example, the ownership of any resulting IP (often referred to as foreground IP) needs to be established, and for many collaborators they will want a share in this foreground IP. This presents a challenge to the startup who may consider that they hold much of the original (background) IP that attracted the collaborator in the first place.

Deep tech startups should therefore be mindful not only to negotiate a strong and effective IP agreement, but should also consider filing patents before any work begins as part of the collaboration. Filing IP beforehand means it can be pushed into the background IP and therefore the startup can retain ownership of more of the IP in the space.

As with any field, deep tech startups should also be using non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) whenever they discuss any elements of the technology with a third party. However, even if you have an NDA, they are notoriously difficult to enforce and once your idea becomes public it can be very difficult to retain ownership of the innovation. Therefore, if a patent application can be filed even before discussions under an NDA have taken place, this will strengthen your IP position.

Opportunities and challenges

It therefore appears that there are plenty of opportunities for deep tech startups, and the volume of investment pouring in is only set to increase. It is also clear that startups in the deep tech space need to devise and implement a truly effective IP strategy if they are to survive and be successful. For more information on IP specifically relating to startup businesses, visit the Mathys & Squire Scaleup Quarter.

This article was published in The Patent Lawyer Magazine in February 2022.